Exosomes are small vesicles with an average diameter of 100 nm that are produced by many, if not all, cell types. The burden of exosomes includes lipids, proteins and nucleic acids specifically arranged in the endosomes of donor cells. Exosomes can transfer components of donor cells to target cells and can affect cell signaling, proliferation and differentiation. Important new information is rapidly accumulating regarding the remote communication of exosomes with other cells.
Recent data indicate that the results of this communication depend on the type of donor cell and the environment of the host cell. In the field of cancer research, important questions remain to be resolved, for example, whether the exosomes of tumor cells are absorbed equally by cancer cells and by normal cells and whether the exosomes secreted by normal cells are specifically absorbed by other normal cells or also by tumor cells. In addition, we do not know how exosome absorption is made selective, how we can track the selectivity of exosome absorption, or what are the most appropriate methods for studying exosome absorption and selectivity. This review will explain the effect of the exosome source and the impact of the donor cell growth environment on the interaction and communication between the tumor and the cells.
normal. The review will also summarize the methods that have been used to label and track exosomes to date. Among the proteins common to all populations were the marker proteins suggested for electric vehicles and exosomes ALIX, TSG101, CD9, CD81 and CD63, although their relative abundance was higher in LD-exo and HD-exo compared to MV. Treatment with exosomes improves anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and reduces inflammation-induced pyroptosis in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy.
This could indicate that exosomes are highly multifunctional vesicles or that cells release exosomes. characterized by their heterogeneity, i. This method, unlike ultracentrifugation, allows the recovery of exosomes with preserved biophysical properties. Product identity, quality, and purity are important to ensure safety, but the efficacy of the exosome product is critical to approval, clinical acceptance, and reimbursement for successful marketing.
Functional testing of exosomes is essential to determine their biological activity and therapeutic potential. In conclusion, exosomes represent an interesting way to achieve transformative advances in the cosmetics industry, since they offer regenerative solutions without the need for invasive procedures. In fact, interactions between lymphocytes can generally be accompanied by the release of exosomes; human T cells (including primary blood T cells, T cell clones, and Jurkat cell lines) release exosomes by activating their antigen receptors, and B cells release more exosomes by interacting with antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. By maintaining the integrity of the exosome, trehalose ensures that the therapeutic potential of the exosome product is preserved over time. While the exact source of the cells may not be the most important factor, understanding the specific cellular exosomes used in the product can provide valuable information about their potential effects.
Exosome subtypes are critical for research, diagnosis, biomarker identification, and therapeutic development. Fraction 1, which contained larger exosomes, was found to be enriched with ACTN4 and CCNY, while fraction 2, which contained smaller exosomes, was enriched with EPHA2 (supplementary fig.). Since then, hundreds of studies have confirmed that exosomes and other vesicles carry non-coding RNAs and transfer them to regulate the functions of target cells. The studies by Arslan et al and Ibrahim et al were then among the first to demonstrate that stem cell-derived exosomes could be used to treat dysfunction following a myocardial infarction.
In addition, other imaging modalities can be employed when exosomes have suitable nanomaterial labeling. Understanding why some microRNAs are preferentially loaded on specific exosomes could lead to targeted control of stimulating microRNA loading from a single cell to multiple different outputs.
