They mediate short- and long-distance intercellular communication in health and disease and affect several aspects of cell biology.
Exosomes
, small vesicles produced by cells, are vital for communication between cells, since they carry proteins and RNA from their cell of origin. These vesicles have attracted attention for their potential in therapeutic applications due to their unique properties. First, exosomes are thought to be a medium for cellular communication and intercellular macromolecular transport. Second, over the past decade, exosomes have played an important role in the transmission of proteins, lipids, mRNA, miRNA and DNA, and have been the cause of many diseases.Third, exosomes have a lipid bilayer membrane structure. Compared to artificially synthesized polymers, exosomes can be developed to be natural carriers of specific drugs. They can protect the substances that coat their interior and attack specific cells or tissues. All of this makes them a well-managed delivery system.
These exosomes contain a unique set of bioactive molecules, such as growth factors, cytokines, and RNA, that can modulate the local cellular environment and promote tissue repair and regeneration. These four cell types use exosomes to promote EMT, tumor metastasis and drug resistance through a variety of mechanisms. The intracellular interactome of microdomains enriched with tetraspanine reveals their function as mechanisms of classification of exosomes. In recent years, an exponential increase in studies has focused on the biological characteristics of exosomes.
The exosome is composed of an aqueous core and a phospholipid bilayer, suggesting that they may contain hydrophilic or lipophilic drugs. In general, the isolation and detection of exosomes are a fundamental step in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods based on exosomes. With so little knowledge about their basic physiological functions, it may seem difficult to understand how exosomes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of so many disparate disease states. Without a doubt, exosomes represent a promising tool in the field of nanomedicine and can provide the solution to a variety of medical mysteries we face today.
However, the increase in academic production that addresses the biological function of exosomes causes a lot of confusion, especially when focusing on the role of exosomes in pathological situations. Exposure of CAF to GEM significantly increased exosome release, increasing cell proliferation and the survival of recipient epithelial cancer cells. Exosome therapy has shown promise in a wide range of medical applications, such as cancer treatment, tissue repair and immune modulation. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that are secreted by cells and can be found in various biological fluids such as blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and malignant ascites. As a result, parental cells can communicate with specific proximal or distal target cells by amplifying the exosome.
These artificial exosomes are then able to transport their cargo across the blood-brain barrier and confer an active biological effect precisely to the target cells. For example, exosomes can stimulate the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes and promote the differentiation of immune cells in specialized subgroups.
