The exosomes of plants such as grapes, grapefruits, ginger and carrots contain bioactive molecules that have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-cancer properties. In addition to increasing knowledge about the roles of FDEs in adult disorders, researchers are also studying their roles in the health and pathological conditions of infants (table. Babies rely primarily on breast milk, especially for the first 6 months (6). Infant formula and powdered colostrum based on bovine milk or soy milk are also administered to a large population of infants due to insufficient milk secretion in mothers of premature babies (6) or other medical or personal reasons (6) Exosomes are found in human breast milk, as well as in cow's milk and colostrum powder (6).
These exosomes resist degradation in the stomach and intestine of premature and full-term infants, suggesting a bioactive role of exosomes in ensuring infant health (. Several studies have revealed the effects of exosomes derived from breast milk on the immune function of infants. The analysis of exosomes derived from breast milk showed that the molecules they contain vary depending on the state of maternal allergy. For example, a lower concentration of mucin-1 was observed in exosomes derived from milk from sensitized (allergy-induced) mothers compared to non-sensitized mothers (6). The study also stated that breastfed babies of allergy sufferers with a higher concentration of human leukocyte antigen ABC (HLA-ABC) were likely to develop allergies later on, suggesting that allergy-related traits can be transferred from mother to baby through the exosome of breast milk.
Yes. These results also proposed a strategy for detecting milk-derived exosomes to prevent the development of allergies in infants (6). In addition, exosomes derived from human colostrum also caused an increase in the number of FOXP3 + CD4 + CD25 + T regulatory cells and increased IL-5 secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures (70). Bovine milk exosomes have an indirect effect on the gut microbiome and the changes observed in the gut microbiome have been correlated with transcript changes in 69 liver genes (7).
This study may have implications for the treatment of liver disorders in infants. In addition, independent studies have indicated that the same FDEs cause changes in amino acid metabolism and modulate the expression of the hepatic amino acid transporters BCAAT1 and BCAAT2 (7). Other studies could provide a solution for babies with low birth weight and protein buildup in muscles. In an infant animal model, exosomes from rat milk could prevent “necrotizing enterocolitis”, a common disease in newborns, by increasing the expression of nuclear antigen in proliferating cells and the activity of Lgr5+ to ensure the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells (7). However, in these studies, the compound that acts on the exosome was not identified.
Recently, efforts have been made to use nanovesicles, such as liposomes and exosomes, as supplements for medical foods. All cells export extracellular vesicles (exosomes) that contain different components and are classified according to their biosynthesis mechanisms. 11 Several exosomes inherit the characteristics of their cellular origin, since they include some of their components, 11,12 Exosomes are produced in the inner nucleus of cells and contain nucleic acids, proteins and lipids with a small size of 40 to 100 nm, so they can perform various functions and be naturally absorbed by cells, 13 Due to the advantages of exosomes, they are used in various fields, such as drug administration, diagnosis and treatment, 13-15 First of all, exosomes are the focus of attention of the medical community due to their high homology and low immune response to prevent their decay in animals or patients. Second, exosomes can carry a variety of loads. In addition, the presence of a phospholipid bilayer is beneficial for fusion with recipient cell membranes.
The structure of exosomes protects them from adverse conditions, such as those of the digestive tract, including the acidic environment of the stomach and, in particular, food-derived exosomes can be absorbed in the intestine. They are transferred to other organs through the blood stream and they can work. Exosomes are also present in cooked or processed foods and are common and are derived from a variety of sources, ranging from grapes to human cells.16 Exosomes have gained popularity because of their biocompatibility and low immunogenicity as effective delivery systems for therapeutic products. Medical exosomes (Medi-Exo) with therapeutic potential are used for the treatment of inflammation, cancer and cardiovascular diseases in the form of natural bionanocompounds.
Recent studies have shown that exosomes from some plants, animals, microorganisms and other food sources can also be extracted, such as the structure of exosomes secreted by mammal cells, which are called food-derived exosomes (FDE) and can be absorbed by intestinal cells and then transported to other organs through the blood circulation. Despite the presence of plant miR-159 encapsulated in exosomes in human serum and its negative correlation with the progression of breast cancer, a food source for miR-159 has not been found. Medicinal foods are consumed for the purpose of improving specific nutritional requirements or diseases, such as inflammation, diabetes, and cancer. Exosomes, also known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), are a type of bioactive component recently discovered in food. The functional ingredients are of low concentration and are used to prepare raw food extracts for their functions.
The exosomes present in medicinal foods (Medi-Exo) reveal health benefits and demonstrate their potential to improve human diseases, in addition to offering new therapeutic approaches in the form of natural bionanocompounds. The potential role of food-derived exosomes (FDE) in alleviating diseases, as well as in modulating the gut microbiota, has been demonstrated, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Recently, the range of medical foods has been expanded to include medical foods to control various diseases, such as inflammation, osteoporosis and venous insufficiency, and is subdivided into different categories, such as functional foods, nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. FDEs also provide a solution for transporting anticancer compounds, since they overcome the bioavailability, stability and safety limitations posed by synthetic liposomes and exosomes from non-food sources.
In addition, prenatal vitamins had an incidence of anemia of 74.1% and medicinal foods had an incidence of 39.7%, both of which are significant results.
