The specific mechanisms by which exosomes exosomes exert their effects include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, the promotion of cell proliferation and the function of transporters to transport various substances, etc. Exosomes are nanometer-sized biovesicles that are released into surrounding body fluids after the fusion of the multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane. They have been shown to contain specific amounts of proteins, lipids and genetic material for each cell, and can be selectively absorbed by neighboring or distant cells far from release, reprogramming the recipient cells based on their bioactive compounds. Therefore, the regulated formation of exosomes, the specific composition of their cargo and the specificity to target cells are of immense biological interest, considering the very high potential of exosomes as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers, as well as as therapeutic nanocarriers. In the present review, we describe and discuss recent advances in elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of exosome biogenesis, the molecular composition of exosomes, and technologies used in exosome research.
In addition, we focus on the potential use of exosomes as valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers due to their specific content by cell lineage and state, and on their possibilities as therapeutic vehicles for drug and gene delivery. Exosome research is taking its first steps. A thorough understanding of the subcellular components and mechanisms involved in the formation of exosomes and in the selection of specific cells will shed light on their physiological activities. Upon reaching the target cell, exosomes can activate signaling by interacting directly with extracellular receptors, being absorbed by direct fusion with the plasma membrane, or being internalized.
In addition, current research on exosomes in the mechanism and treatment of dermatosis focuses primarily on the cellular and animal levels. MSC-derived exosomes can control viral infection and lung damage in COVID-19 through reparative actions and regenerative effects. Identification of different nanoparticles and subsets of extracellular vesicles through asymmetric fractionation between field and flow. In this way, they promoted the transfer, mediated by exosomes, of the functionally intercellular lncRNA active as an intercellular signaling mechanism in the CHC.
Exosomal miRNAs function as a means of communication and play an important role in the exosome-mediated mechanisms that underlie anti-aging effects. Exosomes derived from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote retinal ganglion cell survival through mechanisms that rely on miRNA. Mechanically, the preconditioning of hypoxia increased the production of exosomal miR-126 by activating hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α). The multiple origins of MSC-EXOs contribute uniformly to facilitating wound repair, possibly through different underlying mechanisms. Apparently, there are several specialized mechanisms to ensure the specific classification of bioactive molecules in exosomes, whether the mechanism dependent or independent of ESCRT (in which tetraspanins and lipids are involved), can act in a variety of ways depending on the origin of the cell type.
We hope that this will allow us to better understand the mechanisms and applications of exosomes in dermatology, as well as tests that support the use of exosomes as new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents in skin diseases. Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells carrying miR-150-5p alleviate mechanical allodynia in rats by attacking NOTCH2 in microglia. The ESCRT mechanism is initiated by the recognition and sequestration of ubiquitinated proteins in specific domains of the endosomal membrane through the ubiquitin-binding subunits of ESCRT-0.
