The exome plays an important role in elucidating signal transduction pathways between hepatoma cells, angiogenesis, and the early diagnosis of HCC.
Exosomes
are small vesicular structures that mediate interaction between different cell types and contain a variety of components (including DNA, RNA, and proteins). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm. Numerous studies have shown that these substances present in exosomes are involved in the growth, metastasis and angiogenesis of liver cancer, and then inhibit the growth of liver cancer by blocking the signaling pathway of liver cancer cells.In addition, exosomal substances could also be used as markers for the early detection of liver cancer. In this review, we summarize to reveal the importance of exosomes in the onset, development, diagnosis and treatment of HCC, which in turn could help us better elucidate the mechanism of exosomes in HCC and promote the use of exosomes in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of HCC. Exosomes are associated with immune responses, viral pathogenicity, pregnancy, cardiovascular diseases, diseases related to the central nervous system, and cancer progression. The proteins, metabolites and nucleic acids that exosomes send to recipient cells effectively alter their biological response.
Such exosome-mediated responses can promote or restrict disease. The intrinsic properties of exosomes in regulating complex intracellular pathways have increased their potential utility in the therapeutic control of many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Exosomes can be designed to provide a variety of therapeutic loads, including short interfering RNAs, non-coding oligonucleotides, chemotherapeutic agents, and immune modulators, with the ability to direct their delivery to the desired target. The lipid and protein composition of exosomes may affect their pharmacokinetic properties, and their natural components may contribute to improving bioavailability and minimize adverse reactions.
In addition to their therapeutic potential, exosomes also have the potential to aid in the diagnosis of diseases. Cases of presence have been detected in all biological fluids, and the composition of the complex cargo of exosomes can be easily accessed by taking samples of biological fluids (liquid biopsies). Exosome-based liquid biopsies highlight their potential utility in diagnosing and determining the prognosis of patients with cancer and other diseases. Disease progression and response to treatment can also be determined using a multicomponent analysis.
of exosomes. The TME is made up of the extracellular matrix, stromal cells (including fibroblasts, MSCs, pericytes, occasional adipocytes, blood and lymphatic network) and immune cells (including T and B cells, natural killer cells, and tumor-associated macrophages). Exosomes are an important part of EMT, 69 They act as effective signaling molecules between cancer cells and surrounding cells that form the EMT, 70 Next, we will focus on important EMT cells and their important links to exosomes (fig. Circ-IAR overexpression significantly downregulated miR-122 and ZO-1 levels, upregulated RhoA and Rhoa-GTP levels, increased F-actin expression and adhesion, improved endothelial permeability, and promoted endothelial permeability, and promoted endothelial permeability, and promoted levels of RhoA and Rhoa-GTP tumor invasion and metastasis.
Without a doubt, the most important question is really understand the biological importance of these structures. Combination therapy of exosomes derived from human brain endothelial cells (hCEC) that highly express microRNA-214, hCEC-exo-214, with anticancer agents, such as oxaliplatin or sorafenib, significantly reduced cancer cell invasion and viability in HepG2 and Hep3B cells. Researchers have always been aware of the existence of exosomes, but their use for their potential diagnostic and therapeutic significance is a recent advance. This review will be an important reference for academics with initial knowledge of the field to fully understand the role of exosomes in the organism.
In addition, intratumoral injection of 122-Exo significantly improved the antitumor efficacy of sorafenib against CHC in mice. In addition, Vps4A expression was significantly correlated with the expression of numerous EMT markers in HCC tissues, and exosomal beta-catenin levels were significantly lower in patients with metastatic HCC than in controls. Elimination of FOXO3a inhibited sorafenib in hypoxia-induced autophagy and significantly increased the efficacy of sorafenib. Compared to non-acidic exosomes derived from HCC, acidic exosomes significantly improved proliferation, migration, and invasion of recipient cells, indicating that an acidic environment plays a crucial role in improving exosome release.
Depending on their primary origin, they can contain substantial amounts of RNA, proteins and miRNA; the horizontal transfer of this content largely determines the biological effects of the exosome. With these isolation platforms, acquiring exosomes will be much easier and the consumption of samples, reagents and time in the isolation process will be significantly reduced. These pathways are of great importance for maintaining a number of biological functions, such as self-renewal, differentiation and tumorigenesis of CSCs. Exposure of CAF to GEM significantly increased exosome release, increasing cell proliferation and the survival of recipient epithelial cancer cells.
In contrast, the proliferation of HepG2 cells when treated with miR-744-rich exosomes was significantly inhibited and resistance to sorafenib. shrunk. He discovered that exosomes derived from paclitaxel-loaded macrophages significantly increased cell uptake in the mouse Lewis lung cancer cell line 3LL-M227, compared to paclitaxel-loaded liposomes.
